Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II.
Muslim traders later brought Islam, and European powers fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Under Indian influence, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished from the early centuries CE.
Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. The Indonesian archipelago has been a valuable region for trade since at least the seventh century, when the Srivijaya Kingdom formed trade links with China. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support one of the world's highest levels of biodiversity. Indonesia shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India ( Andaman and Nicobar Islands). The country's capital, Jakarta, is the world's second-most populous urban area. It has 38 provinces, of which nine have special status. Indonesia is a presidential republic with an elected legislature. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population. With over 275 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres (735,358 square miles). It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a transcontinental country spanning the southeastern part of Asia and western part of Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans.
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